RESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The content validity and treatment success thresholds of clinical outcome assessments (COAs) for alopecia areata (AA)-including the Alopecia Areata-Investigator Global Assessment™ (AA-IGA™), Scalp Hair Assessment Patient-Reported Outcome™ (PRO), and clinician-reported outcome (ClinRO) and PRO measures for eyebrows, eyelashes, eye irritation, and nails-were established in interviews with dermatologists and patients in North America. This study aimed to confirm the content validity and treatment success thresholds of these measures with clinicians and patients in Japan. METHODS: Qualitative interviews were conducted in Japan with dermatologists with AA expertise and adults with AA who experienced ≥ 50% scalp hair loss. Interviews included concept elicitation and cognitive interview questions. Data were analyzed using thematic and framework techniques. RESULTS: Seven dermatologists and 15 patients participated. Scalp hair loss was the most important sign/symptom of AA and the greatest treatment priority. Dermatologists and patients understood the AA-IGA™, Scalp Hair Assessment PRO™, and other COAs, and found these measures to be appropriate, relevant, and clinically meaningful. Dermatologists and patients confirmed that achieving ≤ 20% scalp hair loss (AA-IGA™/Scalp Hair Assessment PRO™ categories 0 or 1) indicated treatment success for patients with ≥ 50% scalp hair loss. Categories 0 or 1 on the other COAs represented treatment success. CONCLUSION: This study confirmed the content validity and treatment success thresholds of the AA-IGA™, Scalp Hair Assessment PRO™, and other ClinRO and PRO measures for AA in Japan. These findings were aligned with interview results in North America and support the use of these measures in AA treatment studies.
About 2% of people in the world have alopecia areata, which causes them to lose hair on their scalp, face, and body. We interviewed 15 Japanese adults who had lost at least half of the hair on their scalp and seven dermatologists who treated alopecia areata. The dermatologists felt that scalp hair loss was more important to treat than eyebrow and eyelash hair loss. Patients were most bothered about losing their scalp hair and reported feeling anxious or worried about what other people might think about it. Patients and dermatologists were also shown several questionnaires and thought the questionnaires were appropriate to measure the most important symptoms of alopecia areata. Patients considered that a treatment worked well if it gave them at least 80% of their scalp hair; dermatologists also wanted the treatment to give patients at least 80% scalp hair. These interviews agree with what has previously been found in interviews with patients and dermatologists in North America.
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Oritavancin is a novel glycopeptide antimicrobial agent with potent in vitro activity against a wide variety of gram-positive bacteria, including multidrug-resistant strains of staphylococci and enterococci. A population pharmacokinetic model was developed to describe the disposition of oritavancin with data from a pooled population of phase 1 healthy subjects and phase 2 and 3 patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections or Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. In addition, the potential influence of factors such as the subject's age, gender, and clinical laboratory measures on oritavancin disposition was evaluated. Oritavancin was administered as both single- and multiple-dose intravenous (i.v.) infusions in fixed doses ranging from 100 to 800 mg or weight-based doses ranging from 0.02 to 10 mg/kg of body weight, with infusion durations ranging from 0.13 to 6.5 h across all studies. The most robust fit to the data (n = 6,290 oritavancin plasma concentrations from 560 subjects) was obtained using a three-compartment model with zero-order i.v. infusion and first-order elimination. The model was parameterized using total clearance (CL), volume of central compartment (Vc), distributional clearances from the central to both the first and second peripheral compartments, and volumes of distribution for both the first and second peripheral compartments. Weight and study phase (phase 1 versus phase 2/3) were identified as significant predictors of the interindividual variability in CL, while body surface area and age were significant for Vc. These results suggest that dose modification may be warranted in patients weighing >110 kg. However, the mild nature of the observed relationships for Vc suggest that dosing adjustments are not necessary for elderly patients.
